Which Of The Following Was Not A Way That The Market Revolution Changed Western Farming?

The Market Revolution

The Market place Revolution of the nineteenth century radically shifted commerce too as the manner of life for most Americans.

Learning Objectives

Summarize the fundamental technological, political, and geographic factors that contributed to the Market Revolution in the The states

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• The Market Revolution was characterized past a shift away from local or regional markets to national markets.
• The agricultural explosion in the South and West and the fabric smash in the North strengthened the economy in complementary ways.
• Eli Whitney 'south cotton gin and pioneering work with metal mechanical parts contributed greatly to industrialization.
• Large-scale domestic manufacturing, concentrated in the North, decreased dependence on strange imports and resulted in an increase in wage labor.
• The power of the federal authorities grew under Henry Clay 's American System, which led to many improvements in the form of expanded roadways and canal systems.
• The rapid evolution and due west expansion during the Market Revolution resulted in country speculation which caused economical boom and bust.

Key Terms

• wage labor: The socioeconomic human relationship between a worker and an employer, in which the worker sells his labor under a formal or informal employment contract.
• American System: A prepare of manufacturing methods that evolved in the nineteenth century, characterized by a arrangement for making interchangeable parts and a high degree of mechanization that results in a more efficient use of labor compared to hand methods.
• Eli Whitney: An American inventor all-time known for inventing the cotton gin.

Introduction: The Market Revolution

The Market place Revolution (1793–1909) in the Usa was a drastic modify in the manual-labor system originating in the South (and before long moving to the North) and afterwards spreading to the unabridged world. Traditional commerce was made obsolete by improvements in transportation, communication, and industry. With the growth of large-scale domestic manufacturing, trade inside the United states of america increased, and dependence on foreign imports declined. The dramatic changes in labor and production at this fourth dimension included a great increase in wage labor. The agricultural explosion in the S and Westward and the fabric smash in the North strengthened the economy in complementary ways.

The Southward and the Cotton Gin

Commercial agriculture and domestic manufacturing became crucial sectors of the American economy. In 1793, Eli Whitney's cotton gin revolutionized the cotton fiber industry in the South. The cotton fiber gin (short for cotton engine) was a motorcar that quickly and hands separated cotton fibers from their seeds, a chore that otherwise had to exist performed painstakingly by mitt, most frequently by slaves. Whitney went on to develop muskets with interchangeable parts, a technology employed past northern manufacturers in many different industries.

Eli Whitney on U.S. postage result of 1940: Eli Whitney's crucial contributions to the Market Revolution created a lasting legacy.

Advancements in the West

Many new products revolutionized agronomics in the Westward every bit well. John Deere, for example, invented a horse-pulled steel plow to supersede the hard oxen-driven wooden plows that farmers had used for centuries. The steel plow immune farmers to till soil faster and more cheaply without having to brand repairs equally frequently. In the 1830s, Cyrus McCormick'south mechanical mower-reaper quintupled the efficiency of wheat farming. Only as southern farmers had prospered after the invention of the cotton wool gin, farmers in the W raked in huge profits as they conquered more lands from the American Indians to plant more and more wheat. For the outset time, farmers began producing more wheat than the Westward could consume. Rather than let information technology get to waste product, they began to transport crop surpluses to sell in the manufacturing Northeast.

The American Organisation

The importance of the federal authorities also grew during this period. Congressman Henry Clay introduced the American System to develop internal improvements, protect U.Due south. manufacture through tariffs, and create a national banking concern. Federal and local governments, likewise as private individuals, invested in roads, canals, and railroads. The 1825 completion of the Erie Canal was a tremendous applied science feat and opened the West for trade with markets on the east declension.

Highways of the United States, ca. 1825: Turnpikes, canals, and runway lines drastically changed America's mural, start in the 1800s.

Following the State of war of 1812, the American economic system was contradistinct from an economy partly dependent on imports from Europe to an empire of internal commerce. With a new generation of leaders, the Republican Party came to encompass the principles of government activism and the development of large-scale domestic manufacturing.

Westward invasion into American Indian territory relegated rich new farmlands to the U.s.. This period of rapid development in the East and expansion in the West produced a wave of land speculation that resulted in economic periods of nail and bust. These periods were characterized by patterns of high market prices followed by ruinously depression prices, falling production, and bankruptcies by producers.

Transportation: Roads, Canals, and Railroads

In the nineteenth century, the construction of roads, rails, and canals dramatically improved national mobility.

Learning Objectives

Draw the revolution in transportation in the nineteenth century and its contribution to economical growth

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• During the first quarter of the nineteenth century, the federal government, state governments, and private investors directed meaning resources to the transportation sector.
• The National Route, or Cumberland Road, was the outset highway built past the federal government.
• The development of the Erie Canal, extending from New York State to the Nifty Lakes, cut the costs of freight ship past 95 per centum and contributed greatly to the wealth and stature of New York Metropolis.
• Though canals offered tremendous advantages over land shipment, they could non compete with the efficiency and flexibility of the railroad.
• The most prominent early railroad was the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O), which linked the port of Baltimore to the Ohio River and offered rider and freight service as of 1830.
• With improved methods of transportation came the concept of Manifest Destiny; land developers, railroad magnates, and other investors capitalized on westward settlement into American Indian country.

Key Terms

• Erie Culvert: The 363 mile-long canal from the Great Lake of the same proper noun to the Hudson River.
• Baltimore and Ohio Railroad: One of the oldest rail lines in the U.s.a. and the first common carrier rails line.
• National Road: The showtime major improved highway in the United States to be built past the federal government.

Advances in Transportation

In the tardily eighteenth century, the U.S. population was centered on the Atlantic coast, with all major population centers located on natural harbors or navigable waterways. Water and river transportation were central to the national economy, while virtually overland transportation was by equus caballus, which made it hard to motion large quantities of appurtenances. By 1803, the country was growing rapidly with the admission of Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio; even so, the only ways of transportation between these landlocked western states and their coastal neighbors was by human foot, pack animal, or ship.

During the nineteenth century, transportation routes and means of transport underwent dramatic changes, greatly increasing national mobility. New and improved transportation engineering science made it easier and faster to send goods: starting time national roads, so canals, and finally the railroad revolution.

Roads

In eighteenth-century America, roads were privately built, and the government played fiddling role in their construction. Early cost roads were constructed and owned by joint-stock companies that sold stock to enhance construction capital. As the nation expanded, however, the government came to see the transportation network as a public proficient worthy of government support.

In 1808, a government-sponsored Report on the Subject of Public Roads and Canals suggested that the federal government should fund the construction of interstate turnpikes and canals. The proposition was controversial: Anti-Federalists opposed expanding authorities power, but many others were persuaded past the compelling need for overland roads for military operations as well as for general commerce. Post-obit the study, piece of work began on a National Road to connect the w to the eastern seaboard. In 1815, construction on the National Road (also known as the "Cumberland Road") began in Cumberland, Maryland; by 1818, the road had reached Wheeling, W Virginia (then part of Virginia). Though political strife ultimately prevented its western advance to the Mississippi River, this route became the gateway for thousands of westward-bound antebellum settlers.

Canals

In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, economical expansion spurred the building of canals to speed goods to market place. Amidst the most important of these canals was the Erie Culvert. First proposed in 1807, the Erie Canal waterway was constructed from 1817 to 1825 and was the commencement transportation arrangement between New York City and the western interior of the United States. Extending from Albany, New York, on the Hudson River to Buffalo, New York, the canal cutting transport costs by about 95 per centum.

The Erie Culvert fabricated an immense contribution to the wealth and importance of New York City, which became the principal U.South. port, and information technology fostered a population surge in western New York State. Information technology also served to increase trade throughout the nation by opening eastern and overseas markets to midwestern farm products, and information technology opened regions farther westward to settlement. The success of the Erie Canal led to a proliferation of smaller canal routes in the region.

Profile of the grand Erie Canal: This is an 1832 profile of the Erie Canal, connecting New York Urban center to the Western Interior of the U.S.

The Illinois and Michigan Culvert was built in 1848 to connect the Keen Lakes to the Mississippi River and the Gulf of United mexican states. It helped constitute Chicago as the transportation hub of the United States. Most of the canal work was done past Irish immigrants who had previously worked on the Erie Culvert. Towns were planned out along the path of the canal, spaced at intervals corresponding to the length that the mules could haul the barges. From 1848 to 1852, the culvert was a popular rider road, but this concluded in 1853 with the opening of the Chicago, Stone Island, and Pacific Railroad that ran parallel to the canal. Today, much of the canal is a long, thin park with boating and a 62.v-mile hiking and biking trail (constructed on the alignment of the mule tow paths).

Locktender'south Business firm on the Illinois and Michigan Canal: Lock No. eight and Locktender's House, Illinois and Michigan Canal only west of Aux Sable Creek, near Morris, Illinois. The Illinois and Michigan Canal was an of import canal in the nineteenth century, but was rendered obsolete when new railroads replaced it.

Railroads

Canals radically improved transportation, but their reign was short-lived. By the mid-nineteenth century, the canal smash was brought to a sudden end by the rapid expansion of railroads. Railroads provided a quick, scheduled, and year-round mode of transportation. Railroads were superior to water routes in that they provided a safer, less hazardous mode of ship.

Showtime in 1826, several states chartered railroads, including Massachusetts, New York, Due south Carolina, and Pennsylvania. The most prominent early railroad was the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O), which linked the port of Baltimore to the Ohio River and offered passenger and freight service as of 1830.

Commemoration of completion of the Transcontinental Railroad on May 10, 1869: Railroads came to play a major role in w expansion in the late nineteenth century.

Effect on American Indians

Improved transportation increased the The states' potential to expand its borders west. While much of the basis for westward expansion was economic, there was as well another reason, which was spring up in the American belief that the state, and the American Indian "heathens" who populated information technology, were destined to come up nether the civilizing rule of Euro-American settlers and their superior technology, most notably railroads and the telegraph. While it's unclear whether that belief was a heartfelt motivation held past most Americans or simply a rationalization of the conquests that followed, the clashes—both physical and cultural—that resulted from this western migration left scars on the state that still are felt today.

The concept of "Manifest Destiny" found its roots in the long-standing traditions of territorial expansion upon which the nation itself was founded. State developers, railroad magnates, and other investors capitalized on westward settlement into American Indian land. The Pacific Railway Human activity of 1862 was pivotal in helping settlers motion west more quickly. Other railway initiatives would follow, after creating a network linking all corners of the nation.

Factories, Working Women, and Wage Labor

Industrialization in the The states was marked by a growth in factories and an implementation of wage labor, also every bit past an increase in the number of working women and deskilled workers.

Learning Objectives

Draw the early years of industrialization in the American Northeast

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• Beginning with the textile industry, wage labor began to replace family labor and apprenticeship as the dominant form of labor in the United states of america.
• Francis Cabot Lowell'southward Boston Manufacturing Company popularized reliance on wage labor, which involves a laborer selling his or her labor to an employer under contract. The Boston Manufacturing Visitor became the leading textile manufacturer in the United States and pioneered the Waltham-Lowell System.
• Immature women were the primary labor force in the cloth industry, though children often were employed in mills, also.
• In the 1830s, the Lowell Mill Girls organized strikes to protest wage reductions; these women were some of the earliest examples of labor- reform movements.

Key Terms

• Deskilling: The process by which skilled labor inside an industry or economic system is eliminated past the introduction of technologies operated by semiskilled or unskilled workers.
• wage labor: The socioeconomic relationship between a worker and an employer, in which the worker sells his or her labor nether a formal or breezy employment contract.
• Waltham-Lowell System: A labor and production model employed in the United States, particularly in New England, during the early years of the American cloth industry in the early nineteenth century.

Industrialization in the Northeast

As the nation deepened its technological base, artisans and craftsmen were made obsolete through the process of deskilling, equally they were replaced by not-specialized workers. These workers used machines to replicate in minutes or hours work that would crave a skilled worker days to complete. Every bit New England 'south textile industry took off, mill villages quickly grew into big factory towns, alluring rural workers from the surrounding countryside. The many children employed in early on factories were paid very low wages because they were seen to be supplementing family income.

The Rise of the Textile Manufacture

At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the textile industry was rife with potential for mechanization. Prior to this menses, textile production was traditionally performed at home; even so, at the kickoff of the nineteenth century, the work was mechanized and increasingly done on an industrial calibration.

Slater's Mill

In the late eighteenth century, the English fabric industry had adopted technological innovations that greatly improved the efficiency and quality of cloth manufacture: the spinning jenny, water frame, and spinning mule. Notwithstanding, these technologies were closely guarded by the British government. In 1789, Samuel Slater, an apprentice in one of the largest fabric factories in England, defied British laws confronting the emigration of skilled laborers and smuggled his knowledge of cloth machinery to the United States. In 1793, he established a cotton-spinning mill with a fully mechanized water-power arrangement at the Slater Manufactory in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. Slater'due south Factory was established in the Blackstone Valley, which became one of the primeval industrialized regions in the United States. At its summit, more than 1,000 mills operated in this valley. Slater went on to build several more cotton and wool mills throughout New England.

Lowell'south Factories

Slater's mills ran on a concern model called the "Rhode Island Arrangement." In this model, manufacturing plant villages employed all members of a family unit. By the 1820s, this organization began to be replaced by a more efficient system based upon the ideas of Francis Cabot Lowell, an American man of affairs who was instrumental in bringing the Industrial Revolution to the U.s.. Lowell'south Boston Manufacturing Visitor dominated the textile industry in the United states of america in the 1820s, developing efficient and novel systems of labor and production.

Lowell, a Massachusetts merchant, was permitted to bout British cloth factories in 1810. He memorized the design of textile machines, and on his return to the Us, he established the Boston Manufacturing Visitor. In the "Waltham-Lowell System," for the first fourth dimension, both spinning and weaving occurred on site, and manufactory workers resided in collective company housing under strict supervision. Following his decease in 1817, Lowell's associates built America's outset planned factory town: the eponymous Lowell, Massachusetts.

"Lowell Mill Girls," ca. 1870: Two women factory workers known as "Lowell Mill Girls."

Wage Labor and Factory Weather condition

Lowell popularized the use of the wage labor, a system in which a worker sells his or her labor to an employer under contract. Wage labor displaced reliance on apprenticeship and family labor. Jeffersonian agrarians viewed wage labor as a negative strength in gild, arguing that the economy of the United States should be built upon agriculture rather than on manufacture. Jefferson reasoned that the growth of a class of wage laborers would decrease self-sufficiency in America.

Lowell'southward manufactory employed young female workers, some as young as ten years old. These workers were typically hired for contracts of ane year. Though considered an improvement on the squalid conditions of factory towns in the United Kingdom, atmospheric condition in the Lowell mills were astringent by modern American standards. Factories were crowded and extremely loud with poor air quality and trivial to no ventilation. Employees worked from 5:00 a.grand. until 7:00 p.yard., for as many as fourscore hours per week. This model became known as the "Waltham-Lowell System."

The monotony of repetitive tasks made days particularly long. In the winter, when the sun prepare early on, oil lamps were used to light the factory floor, and employees strained their optics to see their work and coughed equally the rooms filled with smoke from the lamps. Some factories did not allow employees to sit downwardly. Doors and windows were kept closed, especially in material factories where fibers could be easily disturbed past incoming breezes, and mills were often unbearably hot and humid in the summer. In the wintertime, workers frequently shivered in the cold. In such environments, workers' health suffered.

The workplace posed other dangers as well. The presence of cotton wool bales aslope the oil used to lubricate machines made burn down a common trouble in cloth factories. Workplace injuries were likewise common. Workers' easily and fingers were maimed or severed when they were caught in machines; in some cases, limbs or entire bodies were crushed. Workers who didn't dice from such injuries most certainly lost their jobs, and with them, their income. Corporal punishment of both children and adults was common in factories; where abuse was most extreme, children sometimes died equally a result of injuries suffered at the hands of an overseer.

As the decades passed, working conditions deteriorated in many mills. Workers were assigned more than machines to tend, and the owners increased the speed at which the machines operated. Wages were cut in many factories, and employees who had once labored for an hourly wage at present found themselves reduced to piecework, paid for the amount they produced and not for the hours they toiled. Owners also reduced compensation for piecework. Low wages combined with regular periods of unemployment fabricated the lives of workers difficult, especially for those individuals with families to support. In New York Metropolis in 1850, for case, the average male person worker earned $300 a year; it cost approximately $600 a year to support a family unit of 5.

Early Labor Reform Movements

The long hours, strict subject field, and low wages soon led workers to organize to protestation their working conditions and pay. In 1821, the young women employed by the Boston Manufacturing Company in Waltham went on strike for two days when their wages were cutting. In 1824, workers in Pawtucket went on strike to protest reduced pay rates and longer hours, the latter of which had been achieved by cutting back the corporeality of time allowed for meals. Similar strikes occurred at Lowell and in other mill towns such equally Dover, New Hampshire, where the women employed by the Cocheco Manufacturing Company ceased working in Dec 1828 afterwards their wages were reduced.

In the 1830s, female person mill operatives in Lowell formed the Lowell Manufacturing plant Girls Association to organize strike activities in the face of wage cuts and, later, established the Lowell Female Labor Reform Clan to protest the twelve-60 minutes workday. They distributed legislative petitions, formed labor organizations, contributed essays and articles to pro-labor newspapers, and protested through turn-outs or strikes. Even though strikes were rarely successful and workers usually were forced to accept reduced wages and increased hours, work stoppages as a course of labor protest represented the beginnings of the labor movement in the U.s.a..

Constitution of the Factory Girls Clan in Lowell, Massachusetts, 1836: This is the constitution of the Labor Reform Association of Lowell'south female textile workers, drafted in 1836.

The Growth of the Cotton Industry

Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin in 1793 resulted in massive growth in the cotton wool manufacture in the American South.

Learning Objectives

Draw the economic and political furnishings of Eli Whitney'due south cotton fiber gin

Key Takeaways

Cardinal Points

• With the invention of Eli Whitney 's cotton gin in 1793, cotton became a tremendously profitable manufacture, creating many fortunes for white plantation owners in the antebellum South.
• The cotton gin (short for "cotton wool engine") was a car that quickly and easily separated cotton fibers from their seeds, a job that otherwise had to exist performed painstakingly by mitt, most oft by slaves.
• Cotton presently became the primary export in the Usa and by 1860, on the eve of the Civil State of war, the southern states were providing 2-thirds of the world's supply of cotton wool.
• The material blast in New England created an important domestic market for cotton producers. Cotton wool plantations depended on slave labor, and as a consequence of the boom in this industry, slavery increased dramatically in the early nineteenth century.
• Due to its profound event on American slavery, the growth of the cotton manufacture is frequently cited as one of the causes of the American Civil War.

Key Terms

• Eli Whitney: An American inventor best known for inventing the cotton gin.
• cotton gin: A auto that quickly and hands separates cotton fibers from their seeds, a job that otherwise must be performed painstakingly by hand.

Cotton in the South

In the antebellum era—that is, in the years before the Civil War—American planters in the South continued to grow Chesapeake tobacco and Carolina rice as they had in the colonial era. Cotton, even so, emerged as the antebellum South'due south major commercial crop, eclipsing tobacco, rice, and carbohydrate in economical importance.

The Cotton Gin

In 1793, Eli Whitney revolutionized the product of cotton when he invented the cotton gin, a device that separated the seeds from raw cotton. Suddenly, a process that was extraordinarily labor-intensive when done past paw could be completed speedily and easily. The cotton fiber gin (short for "cotton engine") quickly and easily separated cotton fiber fibers from their seeds, a job that otherwise had to exist performed painstakingly by hand—most oft past slaves. Whitney's introduction of "teeth" in his cotton gin to comb out the cotton and separate the seeds revolutionized this process.

With the invention of Whitney's cotton fiber gin, cotton became a tremendously profitable industry, creating many fortunes in the antebellum South. American plantation owners, who were searching for a successful staple ingather to compete on the world market, found it in cotton.

A cotton gin on display at the Eli Whitney Museum: The invention of the cotton gin revolutionized the textile industry in the early nineteenth century and transformed the economic system of the South.

Domestic and International Markets

Every bit a commodity, cotton wool had the advantage of being easily stored and transported. A demand for it already existed in the industrial textile mills in United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, and in fourth dimension, a steady stream of slave-grown American cotton would as well supply northern cloth mills. Southern cotton fiber, picked and processed by American slaves, helped fuel the nineteenth-century Industrial Revolution in both the U.s.a. and Keen United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland.

New Orleans, Louisiana, and Galveston, Texas, were aircraft points that derived substantial economical benefit from cotton raised throughout the Due south. Cotton fiber presently became the principal export in the U.s., and by 1860, on the eve of the Ceremonious War, the southern states were providing two-thirds of the world'south supply of cotton.

Additionally, the development of big-scale mills and metallic car tools dramatically increased textile production in northern manufacturing plant towns in the early 1800s. Though cotton wool was primarily grown for export to Europe, this textile boom in New England created an important domestic market for southern cotton producers.

Cotton, Slavery, and the Civil State of war

Due to its profound effect on American slavery, the growth of the cotton fiber industry is frequently cited as ane of the causes of the American Civil State of war. The number of slaves rose in concert with the increase in cotton production, increasing from approximately 700,000 in 1790 to roughly 3.two million in 1850. A congressional ban on the importation of slaves from Africa in 1808 only increased the need for domestic slaves on cotton wool plantations, hindering the work of abolitionists who sought to end slavery. The domestic slave trade exploded, providing economical opportunities for whites involved in many aspects of the trade and increasing the possibility of slaves' dislocation and separation from kin and friends.

Slave market in Atlanta, Georgia, 1864: This image depicts the site of a slave market in Atlanta in 1864. The cotton industry in the South was fully dependent on the establishment of slavery.

A Communications Revolution

The United states experienced a advice revolution in in the early on 1800s, during which the penny press and the electrical telegraph emerged.

Learning Objectives

Place two primal components in the nineteenth century'due south communications revolution

Primal Takeaways

Key Points

• Prior to the development of the penny press, newspapers primarily serviced the business community and served equally tools for political propaganda.
• In 1833, the beginning penny paper, the Sun, was founded in New York. Penny papers were the first papers to target working and middle grade audiences.
• While near newspapers were controlled past political parties and reported a party line, penny papers, known for their sensational journalism, were politically contained. In 1836, Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail invented the electrical telegraph and the Morse code signaling alphabet, allowing for the wired communication of messages using electrical signals.
• Improved advice systems fostered the development of business, economic science, and politics by allowing for dissemination of news at a speed previously unknown.

Cardinal Terms

• Electric Telegraph: A type of advice that uses electrical signals, ordinarily conveyed via telecommunication lines or radio.

Advances in forms of communications greatly expanded in the Usa during the early 1800s. The penny printing and the electrical telegraph were among the innovations that emerged during this communications revolution.

Newspapers

In the early 1800s, newspapers were largely meant for the elite. They more often than not took two forms: mercantile sheets intended for the concern community, which contained ship schedules, wholesale production prices, advertisements, and some foreign news; and political newspapers, which were controlled by political parties or their editors as a means of sharing their views with elite stakeholders. Journalists reported the political party line and editorialized in favor of party positions.

Mass production of inexpensive newspapers became possible due to the shift from handcrafted printing to steam-powered press. In 1833, the beginning "penny paper," the Sun, was founded in New York. Penny papers—specifically targeting the working form urban population—quickly became widespread. The cheap sensationalized news sources covered crime, tragedy, adventure, and gossip, and these newspapers easily shifted allegiance on political issues. The changes made during the Penny Printing era prepare the standards for all time to come newspapers, and those standards are still implemented today.

The New York Herald Penny Press, 1861: The penny printing revolutionized journalism in the 1830s.

Electrical Telegraph

In 1836, Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail adult an electrical telegraph capable of transmitting text messages over long distances using wire. Together, they developed the Morse lawmaking signaling alphabet arrangement.

In 1843, the U.S. Congress appropriated $30,000 to fund an experimental telegraph line from Washington, D.C., to Baltimore, Maryland. In May of 1844, Morse fabricated the first public demonstration of his telegraph, sending the famous message, "What hath God wrought?" The Morse-Vail telegraph was quickly deployed in the following ii decades. Improved communication systems fostered the evolution of business concern, economics, and politics by assuasive for dissemination of news at a speed previously unknown.

Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ushistory/chapter/the-market-revolution/

Posted by: williscappiket.blogspot.com

Share this post